Linear Algebra for High-Dimensional Spaces
Vector spaces, linear mappings, dot products as geometric similarity, eigenvalues, and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) underlying modern embeddings.
A multi-page curriculum from first-principles linear algebra, multivariable optimization, and backpropagation to frontier transformer architectures, autonomous agent loops, and enterprise workflow playbooks.
Vector spaces, linear mappings, dot products as geometric similarity, eigenvalues, and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) underlying modern embeddings.
Deriving partial derivatives, gradients, the Jacobian, and Hessian matrices. Visualizing high-dimensional loss landscapes and building gradient descent solvers.
Conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Shannon entropy, cross-entropy, and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence.
Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), L1 Lasso and L2 Ridge penalties, logistic odds ratios, and Newton-Raphson numerical solvers.
The mathematical bias-variance decomposition, cross-validation architectures, hyperparameter tuning, and ROC-AUC curves.
Information gain, Gini impurity, CART decision trees, Random Forest bagging mechanics, Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (XGBoost), and Kernel SVMs.
Matrix calculus derivations of backward gradient flow and writing a fully functional neural network in 100 lines of raw Python without PyTorch.
Vanishing/exploding gradients, ReLU vs. GELU vs. SwiGLU gating, momentum, RMSprop, Adam, and AdamW decoupled weight decay mechanics.
Discrete 2D convolutions, receptive fields, pooling layers, residual connections (ResNet), and translation equivariance in computer vision.
Scaled dot-product attention formulated as content-based associative retrieval in embedding space, temperature scaling, and causal masking.
Multi-Head Attention (MHA), Grouped-Query Attention (GQA), Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE), RMSNorm, and pre-layer normalization.
Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), vocabulary compression, token boundary effects, loss curves, compute budgets, and Chinchilla scaling laws.
Full parameter adaptation vs. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), 4-bit NormalFloat quantization (QLoRA), and rank selection algebra.
PPO reinforcement learning from human feedback, Bradley-Terry preference models, Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) derivations.
Inference-time compute frontiers, Tree-of-Thought search, Monte Carlo planning, Process Reward Models (PRMs), and self-correction verification.
ReAct execution loops, Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardized transport, tool sandboxing, and deterministic state verification.
Distributed Data Parallel (DDP), Fully Sharded Data Parallel (FSDP), Megatron-LM tensor and pipeline parallelism, and InfiniBand interconnects.
The battle-tested daily operating system for triaging inboxes, drafting high-stakes memos, synthesizing 100-page regulatory PDFs, and accelerating desk output.
Transition from open-ended chat prompts to deterministic system instructions: Context, Role, Constraints, Few-Shot Demonstrations, and Strict JSON Output Schemas.
Deploying retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) customer support systems with strict fail-closed verification rules so assistants answer strictly from verified documentation.
Grounding personal AI assistants on tax forms, healthcare records, lease agreements, and family schedules to answer complex life questions with verifiable citations.
Configuring language models as rigorous Socratic tutors that force active recall, pinpoint conceptual misconceptions, and drill complex STEM derivations.
The complete software engineering workflow for solo founders and engineers using Cursor, Claude, and modern deployment pipelines to ship full applications in hours.